SvelteKit + Passkeys

Passkeys offer significant security and usability enhancements over passwords. We can use passkeys in isolation or as a secondary authentication factor. Whilst the technology behind passkeys is complex, frameworks and libraries such as Passlock make adoption simple.

This tutorial will take less than 30 mins to complete.

pnpm create @passlock/sveltekit

That’s it! check out the generated source code, which has plenty of comments. Alternatively read on to learn how to do all this manually…

Create a SvelteKit app

Use SvelteKit’s CLI to generate a skeleton project:

pnpm create svelte@latest my-app

Add the library

We’ll use Passlock’s SvelteKit passkey library for passkey registration and authentication:

pnpm add -D @passlock/sveltekit

Create a registration route

Create a new template at src/routes/register/+page.svelte:

<!-- src/routes/register/+page.svelte -->
<form method="post">
  Email:
  <input type="text" name="email" />
  <br />
  First name:
  <input type="text" name="givenName" />
  <br />
  Last name:
  <input type="text" name="familyName" />
  <br />
  <button type="submit">Register</button>
</form>

This won’t win any design awards but I want to keep things real simple. Next, create a placeholder form action at src/routes/register/+page.server.ts:

// src/routes/register/+page.server.ts
import type { Actions } from './$types'

export const actions: Actions = {
  default: async () => {
    // TODO
  }
}

Now for the real work! Update the template so it intercepts the form submission and registers a passkey on the user’s device:

<!-- src/routes/register/+page.svelte -->
<script lang="ts">
  import { enhance } from '$app/forms'
  import type { SubmitFunction } from './$types'
  import { Passlock, PasslockError } from '@passlock/sveltekit'

  // we'll fill in the tenancyId and clientId later
  const passlock = new Passlock({ tenancyId: 'TBC', clientId: 'TBC' })

  // during form submission, ask Passlock to register a
  // passkey on the user's device. This will return a
  // secure token, representing the newly created passkey
  const registerPasskey: SubmitFunction = async ({ cancel, formData }) => {
    const email = formData.get('email') as string
    const givenName = formData.get('givenName') as string
    const familyName = formData.get('familyName') as string

    const user = await passlock.registerPasskey({
      email,
      givenName,
      familyName
    })

    if (!PasslockError.isError(user)) {
      // attach the token to the request
      formData.set('token', user.token)
    } else {
      cancel() // prevent form submission
      alert(user.message)
    }
  }
</script>

<form method="post" use:enhance="{registerPasskey}">
  Email:
  <input type="text" name="email" />
  <br />
  First name:
  <input type="text" name="givenName" />
  <br />
  Last name:
  <input type="text" name="familyName" />
  <br />
  <button type="submit">Register</button>
</form>

Explanation

We’re using SvelteKit’s progressive enhancement to intercept the form submission. We then use Passlock to register a passkey on the user’s device. Passlock will store the public key component of the passkey in your Passlock vault.

If all goes well, this will return a token that we can exchange for a user object in our form action.

Process the token in the form action

The form will be submitted with an additional token field. We’ll use it to fetch the passkey details in the form action:

// src/routes/register/+page.server.ts
import type { Actions } from './$types'
import { PasslockError, TokenVerifier } from '@passlock/sveltekit'

const tokenVerifier = new TokenVerifier({
  tenancyId: 'TBC',
  apiKey: 'TBC'
})

export const actions: Actions = {
  default: async ({ request }) => {
    const formData = await request.formData()
    const token = formData.get('token') as string
    const user = await tokenVerifier.exchangeToken(token)

    if (!PasslockError.isError(user)) {
      console.log(user)
    } else {
      console.error(user.message)
    }
  }
}

The user includes a sub (subject / user id) field. Later we’ll use this to link the passkey registration to a local user.

Create a Passlock account

Within the +page.svelte and +page.server.ts files, we’ve used TBC for some Passlock config values. It’s time to replace these with real values.

Create a developer account at passlock.dev then head to the settings tab within your console. We’re after the tenancyId, clientId and API Key values.

Edit your .env file (or .env.local) and create entries for these values:

# .env
PUBLIC_PASSLOCK_TENANCY_ID = '...'
PUBLIC_PASSLOCK_CLIENT_ID = '...'
PASSLOCK_API_KEY = '...'

If you don’t have a .env file in your app route, create one.

You can now reference these in your template and form actions:

<!-- src/routes/register/+page.svelte -->
<script lang="ts">
  import {
    PUBLIC_PASSLOCK_TENANCY_ID,
    PUBLIC_PASSLOCK_CLIENT_ID
  } from '$env/static/public'

  const passlock = new Passlock({
    tenancyId: PUBLIC_PASSLOCK_TENANCY_ID,
    clientId: PUBLIC_PASSLOCK_CLIENT_ID
  })

  ...
</script>

// src/routes/register/+page.server.ts
import { PUBLIC_PASSLOCK_TENANCY_ID } from '$env/static/public'
import { PASSLOCK_API_KEY } from '$env/static/private'

const tokenVerifier = new TokenVerifier({
  tenancyId: PUBLIC_PASSLOCK_TENANCY_ID,
  apiKey: PASSLOCK_API_KEY
})

...

Register a passkey

Although we’re not yet finished, you should be at a point where you can register a passkey.

Navigate to the /register page and complete the form. You should be prompted to create a passkey and the form action will spit out details of the passkey registration.

You should also see an entry in the users tab of your Passlock console. The console can be used to view security related events, suspend and delete users and more.

Create a login route

We can now register a passkey on the users device. Let’s use that passkey to authenticate. The process is essentially the same as for registration.

Create a route at src/routes/login/+page.svelte:

<!-- src/routes/login/+page.svelte -->
<script lang="ts">
  import { enhance } from '$app/forms'
  import { Passlock, PasslockError } from '@passlock/sveltekit'
  import type { SubmitFunction } from './$types'

  import {
    PUBLIC_PASSLOCK_TENANCY_ID,
    PUBLIC_PASSLOCK_CLIENT_ID
  } from '$env/static/public'

  const passlock = new Passlock({
    tenancyId: PUBLIC_PASSLOCK_TENANCY_ID,
    clientId: PUBLIC_PASSLOCK_CLIENT_ID
  })

  const onSubmit: SubmitFunction = async ({ cancel, formData }) => {
    const email = formData.get('email') as string

    const user = await passlock.authenticatePasskey({ email })

    if (!PasslockError.isError(user)) {
      formData.set('token', user.token)
    } else {
      cancel() // prevent form submission
      alert(user.message)
    }
  }
</script>

<form method="post" use:enhance="{onSubmit}">
  Email:
  <input type="text" name="email" />
  <br />
  <button type="submit">Login</button>
</form>

Notice how we’re calling authenticatePasskey and only passing the email this time.

// src/routes/login/+page.server.ts
import type { Actions } from './$types'
import { PasslockError, TokenVerifier } from '@passlock/sveltekit'
import { PUBLIC_PASSLOCK_TENANCY_ID } from '$env/static/public'
import { PASSLOCK_API_KEY } from '$env/static/private'

const tokenVerifier = new TokenVerifier({
  tenancyId: PUBLIC_PASSLOCK_TENANCY_ID,
  apiKey: PASSLOCK_API_KEY
})

export const actions: Actions = {
  default: async ({ request }) => {
    const formData = await request.formData()
    const token = formData.get('token') as string
    const user = await tokenVerifier.exchangeToken(token)

    if (!PasslockError.isError(user)) {
      console.log(user)
    } else {
      console.error(user.message)
    }
  }
}

The form action is the same (at this stage). Passlock abstracts passkey registration and authentication into a common structure.

Login using a passkey

Navigate to the /login page, enter your email (the one you used for registration) and click login. If all goes well, you should see your user details in the server console.

Within your Passlock console, under the users tab you should see an entry. If you click on the user you’ll be able to see the passkey registration and authentication events.

Summary

We used the Passlock library to register a passkey on the users device. The public key component of the passkey is stored in your Passlock vault.

During authentication we ask the user to present their passkey. The Passlock library ensures the challenge signature matches the public key then generates a secure token. We pass this token to the backend form action.

The form action ensures the token is valid, exchanging it for details about the user and the passkey used to authenticate.

Next steps

We’ve made a great start but we now need to link the passkeys to local user accounts and sessions. It’s time to integrate Lucia and passkey authentication